Technical resources
Frequency Control
Since the FPSSP, frequency control objectives have been pursued through a number of different avenues, including but not limited to:
In order to operate, the system must have the ability to set and maintain frequency.
Power system frequency is controlled by the constant balancing of electricity supply and demand. If electricity supply exceeds demand at an instant in time, power system frequency will increase. If electricity demand exceeds supply at an instant in time, power system frequency will decrease.
To maintain this balance, AEMO relies on frequency control services, which are mostly designed to inject or remove power from the grid to restore the balance of supply and demand. AEMO have been involved in investigations, reviews and trials that support better frequency control in the long term and enable the delivery of frequency control services form new technologies. Relevant documents are available under the ‘Resources’ and ‘Trials’ sections, below.
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Frequency Control resources
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21/08/2017
Working paper - Fast Frequency Response in the NEM
As the energy market transforms, the nature of frequency control in the National Electricity Market will change as new services are likely to be needed to complement existing mechanisms. This provides opportunities for applications of fast frequency response (FFR) to play a role in complementing existing frequency control. This working paper aims to develop a common language for discussion across industry, and provide early guidance on the suite of FFR services that may be valuable in future to assist in the efficient management of power system security. Stakeholder input is invited by 29 September 2017.
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04/09/2017
Advisory on equipment limits associated with high RoCoF (GE Consulting Report)
AEMO engaged GE Consulting to explore the behaviour and vulnerability of equipment to a high rate of change of frequency (RoCoF). The focus of this document is behaviour of a variety of equipment in the power system that has the potential to adversely affect the resilience or robustness of the system.
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15/03/2017
Technology Capabilities for Fast Frequency Response (GE Consulting Report)
AEMO engaged GE Consulting to explore the potential value of a Fast Frequency Response (FFR) service in the NEM, and to provide advice on how such a service should be specified.
11.03 MB -
15/03/2017
Fast Frequency Response Specification (Release of GE Energy Consulting Report)
This covernote summarises AEMO's interpretation of the findings and intended next steps from GE’S consulting report on the Technology Capabilities for Fast Frequency Response (above).
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08/03/2017
Submission to AEMC Rule change proposal - Protected events / Emergency Frequency Control Schemes
1.66 MB -
31/10/2016
FPSS - International Review of Frequency Control
5.21 MB
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System Strength
Since the FPSSP, system strength objectives have been pursued through a number of different avenues, including but not limited to:
System strength is a complex concept, and an area of emerging understanding internationally. Definitions vary across jurisdictions and continue to evolve as the international power system community’s collective understanding of power system phenomena continues to grow.
AEMO sees system strength as the ability of the power system to maintain and control the voltage waveform at any given location in the power system, both during steady state operation and following a disturbance. System strength can be related to the available fault current at a specified location in the power system, with higher fault current indicating higher system strength with greater ability to maintain the voltage waveform.
System strength is an area of particular focus as operation of wind and solar IBR increases and some regions may be regularly be pushed into unfamiliar territory.
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System Strength resources
This AEMC review considered changes to market and regulatory frameworks to support the on-going shift towards new generation technologies in the NEM. The final report was published in June 2017.
Emerging technology
Since the FPSSP, emerging technology objectives have been pursued through a number of different avenues, including but not limited to:
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Emerging technology resources
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07/11/2016
Submission to QLD 50% renewables target draft response
AEMO submitted a response to the draft report released by the Queensland Renewable Energy Expert Panel's consultation on achieving 50% renewables by 2030. AEMO's submission includes insights and advice from the work completed to date under the Future Power System Security program.
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24/11/2016
Submission to the Victorian Renewable Energy Auction (VRET) scheme
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09/06/2016
Update to renewable energy integration in South Australia – Joint AEMO and ElectraNet report
This technical report provides an update on the work undertaken since the October 2014 report, titled ‘Renewable Energy Integration in South Australian: Joint AEMO and ElectraNet Study’, available below. This report investigates power system security in South Australia, as the state continues to lead the world with its high penetration of renewable generation.
1.09 MB -
09/06/2016
Reliability Standard Implementations Guidelines (RSIG) final report and determination
The RSIG report is focused on the operational challenges presented by high levels of wind generation in the NEM. AEMO currently assesses the future performance of the power system in the context of the Reliability Standard, in accordance with a number of processes specified in the National Electricity Rules. The RSIG has combined all these processes into a single document to provide guidance on how AEMO implements the Reliability Standard
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15/06/2016
South Australian Wind Study (SAWSR)
A report detailing the performance of South Australia’s wind generation, including wind variability and contribution to supplying peak demand.
2.32 MB -
09/06/2016
Renewable Energy Integration in South Australia – Joint AEMO and ElectraNet report
A joint AEMO and ElectraNet investigation into the impact of non-synchronous wind and PV generation on the South Australian power network.
1.04 MB -
02/09/2020
Emerging Technologies Information Paper
This paper explores the potential impacts of emerging technologies and trends on operational consumption and maximum demand in the NEM over a 20-year outlook period (i.e. out to 2035). The technologies explored in this paper include battery storage, electric vehicles and fuel switching.
3.95 MB -
21/06/2016
Wind Turbine Plant Capabilities Report
This report investigates the potential network and operational impacts of the projected increase in NEM-connected wind generation to 2020.
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09/06/2016
Wind Integration Studies Report
This report explores the operational challenges presented by high levels of wind penetration in the NEM.
2.46 MB
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Distributed Energy Resources
Since the FPSSP, DER objectives have been pursued through AEMO’s Distributed Energy Resources program. Information on power system incidents, some of which have affected DER, are available via the power system incident report page, including the Queensland and South Australia system separation on 25 August 2018.
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DER resources
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24/01/2017
Visibility of Distributed Energy Resources
As part of the Future Power System Security Program AEMO has developed the Visibility of DER report to outline the need for visibility of increasing penetrations of DER data to maintain power system security. The report details the potential impact DER has on market efficiency and reliability if their existence and behaviour is not visible or predictable to the operators. The report notes that that regulatory changes may be required to address information gaps to either make data available or consider opportunities to manage the power system in new ways.
1.71 MB -
23/09/2016
Submission to the Energy Storage Registration Consultation Paper
AEMO made a submission to the Energy Storage Registration Consultation Paper released by the Energy Market Transformation Project Team (EMTPT), a working group of the COAG Energy Council. The paper sought to determine whether a battery storage registry was needed by industry, and how it should be operated. AEMO's submission encourages the EMTPT to consider a broader registry that would cater for a range of technologies.
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09/06/2016
Response of Existing PV Inverters to Frequency Disturbances
A report on the response of small-scale photovoltaic (PV) inverters to power system frequency disturbances.
1.43 MB
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Technical standards
Since the FPSSP, technical standard have been reviewed and updated through AEMO’s DER Program Standards and connections stream, including the technical integration of DER report, and reforms to generator technical requirements.
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Technical Standards resources
In August 2017, AEMO submitted a rule change request to amend the access standards for generating systems and the process for negotiation performance standards. Due to the changing generation mix in the power system, AEMO considered that the existing access standard settings in the NER and the negotiating framework to set performance standards were not adequate to ensure the ongoing security of an evolving power system.
The AEMC made its final determination on the rule change in September 2018.
Further information, including ESCOSA's accompanying reporting is available here.
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02/05/2017
Advice to Essential Services Commission of South Australia (ESCOSA) on technical standards for generator licensing
AEMO has provided advice to ESCOSA on special licence conditions for generators connecting in South Australia. These licence conditions were last reviewed in 2010- ESCOSA will be undertaking consultation with stakeholders until July 2017 in conjunction with AEMO.
1.87 MB -
02/05/2017
One-page summary on technical standards for generator licencing in South Australia
One-page summary on AEMO’s recommendations to the Essential Services Commission of South Australia (ESCOSA) on technical standards for generator licencing. Full report above.
126.96 KB
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